Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Pages 577-585 , November 2007

Do current body mass index criteria for obesity surgery reflect cardiovascular risk?

This work was presented at the 2005 American Society for Bariatric Surgery Meeting in poster form.

  • Edward H. Livingston, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
    • Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Edward H. Livingston, M.D., F.A.C.S., Division of Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Room E7-126, Dallas, TX 75390-9156.
    • ,
  • Manisha Chandalia, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
    • Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
    • ,
  • Nicola Abate, M.D.

      Affiliations

    • Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas
    • Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, Texas

Received 11 April 2007 ,Revised 21 July 2007 ,Accepted 27 July 2007.

References 

  1. Eckel RH, Krauss RM AHA Nutrition Committee. American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1998;97:2099–2100
  2. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:1117–1127
  3. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1097–1105
  4. Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Croft JB, Ballew C, Byers T. Relation of body-fat distribution to ischemic-heart-disease—the National-Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-I (NHANES-I) epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;142:53–63
  5. Johnson JL, Heineman EF, Heiss G, Hames CG, Tyroler HA. Cardiovascular-disease risk-factors and mortality among black women and white women aged 40–64 years in Evans County, Georgia. Am J Epidemiol. 1986;123:209–220
  6. Stevens J, Gautam SP, Keil JE. Body-mass index and fat patterning as correlates of lipids and hypertension in an elderly, biracial population. J Gerontol. 1993;48:M249–M254
  7. Stevens J, Plankey MW, Williamson DF, et al. The body mass index–mortality relationship in white and African American women. Obes Res. 1998;6:268–277
  8. Wienpahl J, Ragland DR, Sidney S. Body-mass index and 15-year mortality in a cohort of black men and women. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43:949–960
  9. Grundy SM. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:2696–2698
  10. Hansen BC. The metabolic syndrome X. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;892:1–24
  11. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002;288:2709–2716
  12. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  13. Vega GL. Cardiovascular outcomes for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obes Res. 2002;10(Suppl 1):27S–32S
  14. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, VanItallie TB. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282:1530–1538
  15. Bender R, Jockel KH, Richter B, Spraul M, Berger M. Body weight, blood pressure, and mortality in a cohort of obese patients. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:239–245
  16. Brenner H, Arndt V, Rothenbacher D, Schuberth S, Fraisse E, Fliedner TM. Body weight, pre-existing disease, and all-cause mortality in a cohort of male employees in the German construction industry. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:1099–1106
  17. Bucher HC, Ragland DR. Socioeconomic indicators and mortality from coronary heart- disease and cancer—a 22-year follow-up of middle-aged men. Am J Pub Health. 1995;85:1231–1236
  18. Livingston EH, Ko CY. Effect of diabetes and hypertension on obesity-related mortality. Surgery. 2005;137:16–25
  19. Consensus Development Conference Panel. NIH conference: gastrointestinal surgery for severe obesity. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:956–961
  20. Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1994;
  21. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Books; 1988;
  22. National Center for Health Statistics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III: body measurements (anthropometry). Rockville, MD: Westat, Inc; 1998;
  23. Gunter EW, Lewis BG, Koncikowski SM. Laboratory procedures used for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-III), 1988–1994. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, and National Center for Health Statistics; 1996;
  24. Bachorik PS, Lovejoy KL, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Apolipoprotein B and Al distributions in the United States, 1988–1991: results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). Clin Chem. 1997;43:2364–2378
  25. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502
  26. Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 1999;282:2131–2135
  27. Cleeman JI, Grundy SM, Becker D, et al. Executive summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486–2497
  28. Dixon JB, O’Brien P. A disparity between conventional lipid and insulin resistance markers at body mass index levels greater than 34 kg/m(2). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:793–797
  29. Vega GL, Adams-Huet B, Peshock R, Willett D, Shah B, Grundy SM. Influence of body fat content and distribution on variation in metabolic risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4459–4466
  30. Howard BV, Abbott WG, Egusa G, et al. Coordination of very low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and apolipoprotein B metabolism in humans: effects of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus—role of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and liver in the pathogenesis of endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia in man. Am Heart J. 1987;113:522–526
  31. Kissebah AH, Alfarsi S, Adams PW, Wynn V. Role of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and liver in the pathogenesis of endogenous hypertriglyceridaemia in man. Diabetologia. 1976;12:563–571
  32. Walldius G, Jungner I, Holme I, Aastveit AH, Kolar W, Steiner E. High apolipoprotein B, low apolipoprotein A-I, and improvement in the prediction of fatal myocardial infarction (AMORIS study): a prospective study. Lancet. 2001;358:2026–2033
  33. Williams K, Sniderman AD, Sattar N, D’Agostino R, Wagenknecht LE, Haffner SM. Comparison of the associations of apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with other cardiovascular risk factors in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS). Circulation. 2003;108:2312–2316
  34. Kesaniemi YA, Beltz WF, Grundy SM. Comparisons of metabolism of apolipoprotein B in normal subjects, obese patients, and patients with coronary heart disease. J Clin Invest. 1985;76:586–595
  35. Ebenbichler CF, Laimer M, Kaser S, et al. Relationship between cholesteryl ester transfer protein and atherogenic lipoprotein profile in morbidly obese women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22:1465–1469
  36. Frayn KN. Adipose tissue as a buffer for daily lipid flux. Diabetologia. 2002;45:1201–1210
  37. Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women—the Nurses’ Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;145:614–619
  38. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight-gain as risk-factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:961–969
  39. Lundgren H, Bengtsson C, Blohme G, Lapidus L, Sjostrom L. Adiposity and adipose-tissue distribution in relation to incidence of diabetes in women—results from a prospective population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. Int J Obes. 1989;13:413–423
  40. Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svardsudd K, et al. The influence of body-fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes-mellitus—13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes. 1985;34:1055–1058
  41. Seidell JC, Han TS, Feskens EJM, Lean MEJ. Narrow hips and broad waist circumferences independently contribute to increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Inter Med. 1997;242:401–406
  42. Seidell JC, Perusse L, Despres JP, Bouchard C. Waist and hip circumferences have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Quebec family study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:315–321
  43. Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M, et al. Larger thigh and hip circumferences are associated with better glucose tolerance: the Hoorn study. Obes Res. 2003;11:104–111
  44. Snijder MB, Dekker JM, Visser M, et al. Associations of hip and thigh circumferences independent of waist circumference with the incidence of type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1192–1197
  45. Warne DK, Charles MA, Hanson RL, et al. Comparison of body-size measurements as predictors of NIDDM in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:435–439
  46. Livingston EH. Lower body subcutaneous fat accumulation and diabetes mellitus risk. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2006;2:362–368
  47. Shadid S, Jensen MD. Effects of pioglitazone versus diet and exercise on metabolic health and fat distribution in upper body obesity. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3148–3152
  48. Dobbelsteyn CJ, Joffres MR, MacLean DR, Flowerdew G Canadian Heart Health Surveys. A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes. 2001;25:652–661
  49. Pouliot MC, Despres JP, Lemieux S, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter—best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose-tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:460–468

PII: S1550-7289(07)00574-6

doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2007.07.013

Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases
Volume 3, Issue 6 , Pages 577-585 , November 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution